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I'm a 30 years old brazilian guy.
"It is proper for you, Kalamas [[the people of the village of Kesaputta]], to doubt, to be uncertain; uncertainty has arisen in you about what is doubtful. Come, Kalamas. Do not go upon what has been acquired by repeated hearing; nor upon tradition; nor upon rumor; nor upon what is in a scripture; nor upon surmise; nor upon an axiom; nor upon specious reasoning; nor upon a bias towards a notion that has been pondered over; nor upon another's seeming ability; nor upon the consideration, 'The monk is our teacher.' Kalamas, when you yourselves know: 'These things are bad; these things are blameable; these things are censured by the wise; undertaken and observed, these things lead to harm and ill, abandon them. "...Do not accept anything by mere tradition... Do not accept anything just because it accords with your scriptures... Do not accept anything merely because it agrees with your pre-conceived notions... But when you know for yourselves—these things are moral, these things are blameless, these things are praised by the wise, these things, when performed and undertaken, conduce to well-being and happiness—then do you live acting accordingly."
Gautama Buddha
!!!Thirty - Eight Ways to Win an Argument
!from Schopenhauer's "The Art of Controversy"
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__1__ Carry your opponent's proposition beyond its natural limits; exaggerate it.
The more general your opponent's statement becomes, the more objections you can find against it.
The more restricted and narrow your own propositions remain, the easier they are to defend.
__2__ Use different meanings of your opponent's words to refute his argument.
Example: Person A says, "You do not understand the mysteries of Kant's philosophy."
Person B replies, "Of, if it's mysteries you're talking about, I'll have nothing to do with them."
__3__ Ignore your opponent's proposition, which was intended to refer to some particular thing.
Rather, understand it in some quite different sense, and then refute it.
Attack something different than what was asserted.
__4__ Hide your conclusion from your opponent until the end.
Mingle your premises here and there in your talk.
Get your opponent to agree to them in no definite order.
By this circuitous route you conceal your goal until you have reached all the admissions necessary to
reach your goal.
__5__ Use your opponent's beliefs against him.
If your opponent refuses to accept your premises, use his own premises to your advantage.
Example, if the opponent is a member of an organization or a religious sect to which you do not belong,
you may employ the declared opinions of this group against the opponent.
__6__ Confuse the issue by changing your opponent's words or what he or she seeks to prove.
Example: Call something by a different name: "good repute" instead of "honor," "virtue" instead of
"virginity," "red-blooded" instead of "vertebrates".
__7__ State your proposition and show the truth of it by asking the opponent many questions.
By asking many wide-reaching questions at once, you may hide what you want to get admitted.
Then you quickly propound the argument resulting from the proponent's admissions.
__8__ Make your opponent angry.
An angry person is less capable of using judgment or perceiving where his or her advantage lies.
__9__ Use your opponent's answers to your question to reach different or even opposite conclusions.
__10__ If you opponent answers all your questions negatively and refuses to grant you any points, ask him
or her to concede the opposite of your premises.
This may confuse the opponent as to which point you actually seek him to concede.
__11__ If the opponent grants you the truth of some of your premises, refrain from asking him or her to
agree to your conclusion.
Later, introduce your conclusions as a settled and admitted fact.
Your opponent and others in attendance may come to believe that your conclusion was admitted.
__12__ If the argument turns upon general ideas with no particular names, you must use language or a
metaphor that is favorable to your proposition.
Example: What an impartial person would call "public worship" or a "system of religion" is described
by an adherent as "piety" or "godliness" and by an opponent as "bigotry" or "superstition."
In other words, inset what you intend to prove into the definition of the idea.
__13__ To make your opponent accept a proposition , you must give him an opposite, counter-proposition
as well.
If the contrast is glaring, the opponent will accept your proposition to avoid being paradoxical.
Example: If you want him to admit that a boy must to everything that his father tells him to do, ask him,
"whether in all things we must obey or disobey our parents."
Or , if a thing is said to occur "often" you are to understand few or many times, the opponent will say
"many."
It is as though you were to put gray next to black and call it white; or gray next to white and call it black.
__14__ Try to bluff your opponent.
If he or she has answered several of your question without the answers turning out in favor of your
conclusion, advance your conclusion triumphantly, even if it does not follow.
If your opponent is shy or stupid, and you yourself possess a great deal of impudence and a good voice,
the technique may succeed.
__15__ If you wish to advance a proposition that is difficult to prove, put it aside for the moment.
Instead, submit for your opponent's acceptance or rejection some true proposition, as though you wished
to draw your proof from it.
Should the opponent reject it because he suspects a trick, you can obtain your triumph by showing how
absurd the opponent is to reject an obviously true proposition.
Should the opponent accept it, you now have reason on your side for the moment.
You can either try to prove your original proposition, as in #14, maintain that your original proposition
is proved by what your opponent accepted.
For this an extreme degree of impudence is required, but experience shows cases of it succeeding.
__16__ When your opponent puts forth a proposition, find it inconsistent with his or her other statements,
beliefs, actions or lack of action.
Example: Should your opponent defend suicide, you may at once exclaim, "Why don't you hang
yourself?"
Should the opponent maintain that his city is an unpleasant place to live, you may say, "Why don't you
leave on the first plane?"
__17__ If your opponent presses you with a counter-proof, you will often be able to save yourself by
advancing some subtle distinction.
Try to find a second meaning or an ambiguous sense for your opponent's idea.
__18__ If your opponent has taken up a line of argument that will end in your defeat, you must not allow
him to carry it to its conclusion.
Interrupt the dispute, break it off altogether, or lead the opponent to a different subject.
__19__ Should your opponent expressly challenge you to produce any objection to some definite point in
his argument, and you have nothing to say, try to make the argument less specific.
Example: If you are asked why a particular hypothesis cannot be accepted, you may speak of the
fallibility of human knowledge, and give various illustrations of it.
__20__ If your opponent has admitted to all or most of your premises, do not ask him or her directly to
accept your conclusion.
Rather, draw the conclusion yourself as if it too had been admitted.
__21__ When your opponent uses an argument that is superficial and you see the falsehood, you can refute
it by setting forth its superficial character.
But it is better to meet the opponent with acounter-argument that is just as superficial, and so dispose of
him.
For it is with victory that you are concerned, not with truth.
Example: If the opponent appeals to prejudice, emotion or attacks you personally, return the attack in the
same manner.
__22__ If your opponent asks you to admit something from which the point in dispute will immediately
follow, you must refuse to do so, declaring that it begs the question.
__23__ Contradiction and contention irritate a person into exaggerating their statements.
By contradicting your opponent you may drive him into extending the statement beyond its natural limit.
When you then contradict the exaggerated form of it, you look as though you had refuted the original
statement.
Contrarily, if your opponent tries to extend your own statement further than your intended, redefine your
statement's limits and say, "That is what I said, no more."
__24__ State a false syllogism.
Your opponent makes a proposition, and by false inference and distortion of his ideas you force from the
proposition other propositions that are not intended and that appear absurd.
It then appears that opponent's proposition gave rise to these inconsistencies, and so appears to be
indirectly refuted.
__25__ If your opponent is making a generalization, find an instance to the contrary.
Only one valid contradiction is needed to overthrow the opponent's proposition.
Example: "All ruminants are horned," is a generalization that may be upset by the single instance of the
camel.
__26__ A brilliant move is to turn the tables and use your opponent's arguments against himself.
Example: Your opponent declares: "so and so is a child, you must make an allowance for him."
You retort, "Just because he is a child, I must correct him; otherwise he will persist in his bad habits."
__27__ Should your opponent suprise you by becoming particularly angry at an argument, you must urge it
with all the more zeal.
No only will this make your opponent angry, but it will appear that you have put your finger on the
weak side of his case, and your opponent is more open to attack on this point than you expected.
__28__ When the audience consists of individuals (or a person) who is not an expert on a subject, you make
an invalid objection to your opponent who seems to be defeated in the eyes of the audience.
This strategy is particularly effective if your objection makes your opponent look ridiculous or if the
audience laughs.
If your opponent must make a long, winded and complicated explanation to correct you, the audience
will not be disposed to listen to him.
__29__ If you find that you are being beaten, you can create a diversion--that is, you can suddenly begin to
talk of something else, as though it had a bearing on the matter in dispute.
This may be done without presumption if the diversion has some general bearing on the matter.
__30__ Make an appeal to authority rather than reason.
If your opponent respects an authority or an expert, quote that authority to further your case.
If needed, quote what the authority said in some other sense or circumstance.
Authorities that your opponent fails to understand are those which he generally admires the most.
You may also, should it be necessary, not only twist your authorities, but actually falsify them, or quote
something that you have entirely invented yourself.
__31__ If you know that you have no reply to the arguments that your opponent advances, you by a find
stroke of irony declare yourself to be an incompetent judge.
Example: "What you say passes my poor powers of comprehension; it may well be all very true, but I
can't understand it, and I refrain from any expression of opinion on it."
In this way you insinuate to the audience, with whom you are in good repute, that what your opponent
says is nonsense.
This technique may be used only when you are quite sure that the audience thinks much better of you
than your opponent.
__32__ A quick way of getting rid of an opponent's assertion, or of throwing suspicion on it, is by putting it
into some odious category.
Example: You can say, "That is fascism" or "Atheism" or "Superstition."
In making an objection of this kind you take for granted
1)That the assertion or question is identical with, or at least contained in, the category cited;
and
2)The system referred to has been entirely refuted by the current audience.
__33__ You admit your opponent's premises but deny the conclusion.
Example: "That's all very well in theory, but it won't work in practice."
__34__ When you state a question or an argument, and your opponent gives you no direct answer, or evades
it with a counter question, or tries to change the subject, it is sure sign you have touched a weak spot,
sometimes without intending to do so.
You have, as it were, reduced your opponent to silence.
You must, therefore, urge the point all the more, and not let your opponent evade it, even when you do
not know where the weakness that you have hit upon really lies.
__35__ Instead of working on an opponent's intellect or the rigor of his arguments, work on his motive.
If you success in making your opponent's opinion, should it prove true, seem distinctly prejudicial to his
own interest, he will drop it immediately.
Example: A clergyman is defending some philosophical dogma.
You show him that his proposition contradicts a fundamental doctrine of his church.
He will abandon the argument.
__36__ You may also puzzle and bewilder your opponent by mere bombast.
If your opponent is weak or does not wish to appear as if he has no idea what your are talking about, you
can easily impose upon him some argument that sounds very deep or learned, or that sounds
indisputable.
__37__ Should your opponent be in the right but, luckily for you, choose a faulty proof, you can easily
refute it and then claim that you have refuted the whole position.
This is the way in which bad advocates lose good cases.
If no accurate proof occurs to your opponent, you have won the day.
__38__ Become personal, insulting and rude as soon as you perceive that your opponent has the upper hand.
In becoming personal you leave the subject altogether, and turn your attack on the person by remarks of
an offensive and spiteful character.
This is a very popular technique, because it takes so little skill to put it into effect.